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NEW YORK — Colorectal cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the colon or rectum. These parts of the body are the tail end of the digestive system.
The Canadian Cancer Society says the colon is the longest part of the large intestine. The colon absorbs nutrients and water while sending waste to the rectum. Stool collects in the rectum and then is passed out of the body through the anus. Colon cancer and rectal cancer often start the same way and share many symptoms and risk factors, so health care professionals commonly group them together.
How does colorectal cancer begin?
The MD Anderson Cancer Center says cancer of the colon or rectum typically starts as a polyp. This is a small overgrowth in the tissue lining. Most of these polyps are adenomas. Adenomas are considered pre-cancerous growths and some can develop into a form of cancer known as adenocarcinoma. There are other, less common types of colorectal cancer as well.
What causes colorectal cancer? Colorectal cancer occurs when there are changes to cell DNA, known as mutations or variants. Certain genetic changes that raise the risk of colorectal cancer are inherited, says Medline Plus. Others occur from the environment and lifestyle. Certain factors make a person more likely to develop colorectal cancer:
• Older age
• Family history
• History of colorectal polyps
• Having a genetic syndrome, such as familial adenomatous polyposis
• Having chronic ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease for many years
• Smoking cigarettes
• Drinking alcohol
• Obesity
• Being a Black individual What are the symptoms of colorectal cancer?
Many people with colorectal cancer do not have symptoms at onset. If and when symptoms appear, they will depend on the size of the cancer and where it is located in the intestine, advises the Mayo Clinic. Symptoms can include changes in bowel habits; rectal bleeding or blood in the stool; ongoing discomfort in the belly area, like pain or gas; a feeling that the bowel doesn’t empty all the way; losing weight without trying; and weakness or tiredness.
Can anything reduce colorectal cancer risk?
Although it is impossible to prevent cancer, one can lower the risk by doing the following:
• Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.
• Stop smoking right now.
• Aim to get at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Some medicines can reduce the risk of colon polyps or colon cancers for people at elevated risk.
• Schedule a routine colonoscopy to check colon and rectal health and remove any polyps as they form.
The American Cancer Society says colorectal cancer cells can grow into blood vessels or lymph vessels and travel to distant parts of the body, which is why early detection is key. Individuals should speak with their doctors about colorectal cancer risk and steps they can take to lower their chances of being diagnosed with the disease.
